Corporate Social Responsibility of Starbucks Essay Example

Corporate Social Responsibility of Starbucks Essay Example Corporate Social Responsibility of Starbucks Paper Corporate Social Responsibility of Starbucks Paper Corporate Social Responsibility of an organization: Starbucks, the biggest café organization on the planet, is an organization that attempts to make business in a socially capable manner. The firm isn't just about making espresso yet additionally about rewarding with pride the customers and the earth where they are working into. Thusly, we will talk about the various activities attempted by Starbucks so as to be socially right. Single word that could best portray the strategic the organization is  «commitmentâ ». To start with, Starbucks is commited to its causes. It puts away incredible measures of cash that advantage espresso makers, just as the indigenous habitat. By doing that, it assists with improving the lives of espresso ranchers and simultaneously they ensure nature where they develop their beans. In addition, Starbucks underpins the conservation of nature. It attempts to decrease squander from its activities and to reuse, so as to have a more beneficial planet. A few models are the utilization of ecologically agreeable items, the acknowledgment that the financial duty is vital to the eventual fate of the world’s condition, and the proportion of the advancement for each venture. What's more, Starbucks demonstrates its responsibility to its accomplices. In this way, it gives an extraordinary workplace by approaching every worker with deference and poise. Moreover, it grasps decent variety by enlisting individuals from everywhere throughout the world. To wrap things up, the café remembers the neighborhood networks. Its motivation is to add to those networks by urging its accomplices to become dynamic members in where they work. Taking everything into account, Starbucks is an organization that regards individuals, the earth, and thusly, the planet. The café could be an extraordinary model for different organizations that couldn't care less about social issues and simply attempt to expand their benefits. On the off chance that different organizations followed the way that Starbucks is working, the world would improve as a spot to live. List of sources: http://gr. starbucks. com/en-US/_Social+Responsibility/_Social+Responsibilities/Environment+Mission+Statement. htm

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 65

Task - Essay Example To check this end as a speculation opening, the utilization of the extra or potentially accessible cash to get more cash-flow later will be talked about. A portion of the contemplations to remember are chance resistance, speculation alternatives accessible, and the income circumstance. The following are some imperative focuses to consider concerning the inquiry ‘is squaring away obligation generally a decent investment?’- Before thinking about whether to contribute, you need to ensure that you truly have extra cash. Have enough reinforcement pay to keep all obligations current; being behind on your obligation costs can decimate your credit and lead you to endure expenses that will defeat the arrival on any venture (ROI). At any rate guarantee that you settle your base installments on the entirety of your obligations. This will lessen the rates where one pays obligations and he/she is with time has no cash for individual and crisis circumstances (Warren and Amelia 75). Things might be looking into now; this is the place one thinks about the drawn out impact. For example, what will occur in the event that one loses his/her employment one month from now or on account of a health related crisis? Prior to one considers contributing or making bigger than would normally be appropriate installments on your credits, some measure of cash ought to be put something aside for crisis reason. Numerous monetary advisors prescribe that one spares enough to provide food for in any event three months of crisis situations; the cash ought to be in a protected, open record (Warren and Amelia 105). This is the point at which one ganders at decrease or full settlement of some random risk as a venture as it gives the initial step to amassing of advantages, riches. Collected loan cost expands the length one take to source riches; this makes one to keep away from installment of pointless additional measure of money yearly later on (Warren and Amelia 33). For example, when one makes $5000 installment on an advance with a 10% financing cost, your yearly return is 10%, or $500. This depends on the

Ib Psychology Essay; Bloa Ethics Free Essays

Talk about moral contemplations identified with look into learns at the organic degree of investigation. Likewise with any part of Psychology that utilizations inquire about examinations, concentrates in the Biological Level of Analysis require the specialist to follow fundamental moral rules. While all the rules ought to be followed and regarded, there are many of which ought to be taken into extra cautious thought, albeit so isn't generally the situation. We will compose a custom exposition test on Ib Psychology Essay; Bloa Ethics or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now To keep the exploration in moral limits, most analysts consent to follow a specific code of morals so as to avoid coldhearted trials and studies. Trickiness, questioning, and misuse of creatures in the utilization of obtrusive strategies, all become possibly the most important factor as critical contemplations at this level. Now and then, in any case, it isn't feasible for analysts to consistently follow that code as it might influence their studies’ results. For instance in a Schachter and Singer (1962) test study â€intending to challenge a few hypotheses of feeling volunteers were selected to get a nutrient infusion and educated that they would be taking an interest in vision tests. In all actuality, three gatherings got an infusion of adrenaline, and those of a fourth were given fake treatment infusions. Much more terrible, one of the gatherings was not told about even a solitary conceivable symptom. Regardless of a protected measure of adrenalin, completely educated assent couldn't be acquired since it could impact and modify the general outcomes, crediting to in certainty a trademark misleading impact. This gives analysts avocation of their utilization of misleading trying to keep their work legitimate and contention free. Scientists use fake treatments during studies to assist them with understanding the viability of another medication or some other treatment on a specific condition. A fake treatment is an apparently legitament clinical treatment that is in truth counterfeit and has no physical influence at all on an individual; a reaction to which can be sure or negative. The connection between the brain and body has been the attention of research on the misleading impact. One of its most basic hypotheses is that the impact is expected to the individual’s desires: envisioning a specific result from, for instance, a pill can really prompt the body’s own synthetic cosmetics completing that somewhat if not actually. The third rule of the natural degree of investigation expresses that creature research may advise our comprehension regarding conduct; recommending that we share a typical predecessor, we can along these lines make human inductions dependent on that. There is critical debate concerning the utilization of creatures in such acts nd the comprehension of its favorable circumstances and to be specific detriments. Thus, another gathering of studies to consider regarding moral issues is explore including creatures. It is a conspicuous answer for a lot of researchers’ issues to just mischief creatures as opposed to turn to people. Nonetheless, it is broadly accepted that all creature examine is unscrupulous essentially because of the absence of capacity to acquire educated assent for benefit regarding the creatures. Also, it isn't workable for analysts to anticipate the measure of damage or torment that the creature will experience †assuming any. In explicit, various trials containing creatures to examine cerebrum connections have been directed. Hetherington and Ranson were accountable for such an exploratory investigation, in 1942, in testing the capacity of the nerve center. Upon the lessoning of the nerve center, the rats’ cravings were twisted which brought about a multiplying of their weight. From this, specialists closed the conviction that the nerve center is for sure liable for the guideline of craving or yearning. The harm done anyway was not reversible in any sense. This again is an issue of morals. In this way, there is a scope of moral issues that analysts working at The Biological Level of Analysis must have as a main priority consistently, prepared to glance through instead of looking past. Endless discussions present for pretty much every point, study, or disclosure, may never truly seize to exist. Regardless, this fair accentuates the requirement for additional push to be put in†¦ People characterize morals in the manner that by and by suits them, and this in its own specific manner is an ideal case of absence of morals, just as dignity. The most effective method to refer to Ib Psychology Essay; Bloa Ethics, Essay models

Theory of Planned Behaviour - Free Essay Example

Rodgers and Sheldon (2002) observed the motivational factors behind internet shopping and suggested four underlying motives which are information, communication, exploration and acquisition. In conducting marketing research for e-commerce companies it is particularly important to study the consumer internet usage pattern. The need of the consumer which may be termed as the ultimate function or utility of the consumer instigates the requirement of conducting a particular behaviour. To understand the motives of each segment and to discover naturally occurring consumer groups drive towards knowing the characteristics and needs of every segment. Strategic and competitive advantage can be gained through identifying the unique needs and attitudes of the diverge consumer segments. Theory of planned behaviour The human decision making process could be explained by the theory of planned behaviour which is an extension of the theory of reasoned action. The variables in the th eory are attitude, behaviour, subjective norm, perceived behaviour control and intention. As an extension of theory of reasoned action, the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) explains the human decision making process (Azjen 1985, 1991; Azjen and Fishbein 1980). TPB assists the researcher in explaining behaviors over which individuals have incomplete voluntary control (See Figure 1). Variables included in the theory include a) attitude, b) behavior, c) subjective norm, d) perceived behavior control, and e) intention. Attitude toward a behavior and subjective norm about engaging in a behavior are supposed to control intention. Attitude depicts an individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"s feelings, inclination or disinclination towards performing a behavior. Subjective norms reveal the individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"s perceptions of the influence of significant others (e.g., family, friends, peers, etc.) TPB additionally includes perceived behavior control over engaging in behaviors as an influenti al form of intention. Perceived behavior control (PBC) relates to the sense of uncertainty that influences behavior directly or indirectly. As shown in the Figure 1, the Theory of Planned Behavior Model suggests that human behavioral decision- making is partially controlled by the consumerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"s actions. This part is defined as the perceived behavioral control variable. The perceived behavioral control variable may influence behavior through its impact on intentions as well as directly. For example, a consumer might refrain from shopping online if he/she perceives the purchasing process is complicated or if does not possess a credit card. Such considerations are incorporated into the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen 1985, 1991). TAM (Technology Acceptance Model) Adapted from the Theory of Reasoned Action (Azjen 1980; Fishbein and Ajzen 1975), the Technological Acceptance Model suggests that a prospective technology userà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"s overall atti tudes toward using a given technology-based system or procedure represents major determinants as to whether or not he/she will ultimately use the system (Davis 1993). TAM has been utilized in numerous settings involving varying forms of Theory of Planned Behavior (Figure-1) Attitude towards the behavior Intention Perceived behavioral Control Subjective Norm Behavior 11 technological adoption (Venkatesh and Davis 2000). It has also been successfully applied to help understand and explain the adoption of information systems/technology in marketing contexts; including Internet-based, retail consumer behaviors (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Cass and Fenech 2003). In marketing contexts, external variables examined include shopping motives (Eastlick and Feinberg 1999), consumer skill/expertise, demographics (Mattilia et al. 2003), personality characteristics, and computer anxiety (Harrison and Rainer 1992). Diffusion of Innovation The concept of innovation has received a great deal of attention within the diffusion of innovation framework particularly in relation to the information technology and marketing research (Agarwal and Prasad 1998; Midgley and Dowling 1978; Rogers, 1995). According to the Diffusion of Innovation a ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢personal innovativenessÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬- construct is conceptualized as the degree and pace of adoption of innovation by an individual. The innovativeness concept represents an innate phenomenon and is widely used in psychology to identify innovative characteristics of individuals (Kirton 1976). Innovativeness is considered a generalized personality trait (also called ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢global innovativenessÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬-) (Goldsmith and Hofacker 1991; Goldsmith et al. 1995). The conceptualization of innovativeness has also been examined in marketing literature (e.g., Midgley and Dowling 1978; Flynn and Goldsmith 1993). Consumers who are innovative are representative as being highly abstract and possess a generalized personality trait (Im, Bayus, and Mason 2003). Examples as to the levels of abstraction inherent across the various literatures utilizing this perspective include ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢a willingness to changeÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬- (Hurt et al. 1977) and the receptivity to new experiences and novel stimuli (Goldsmith 1984; Leavitt and Walton 1975). In general however, consumers are not necessarily receptive to change. The Internet is a fairly new and discontinuous innovation. That is, a form of innovation that requires individuals to learn new skills in order to use the technology. Research reveals that diffusion of innovation theory is applicable to the study of online shopping. Specifically, consumers who have personal preferences of shopping in a brick-and-mortar store or patronize one specific retailer will typically have difficulty in changing purchasing patterns (Kaufman-Scarb orough and Lindquist, 2002). Consumers who prefer traditional retail channels or conversations with customer service personnel during the purchasing process will typically avoid the online shopping channel regardless of the benefits offered (e.g., convenience). Perceived Risks Online transaction involves a temporal separation of payment and product delivery. A consumer must provide financial information (e.g., credit card details) and personal information (e.g., name, address and phone number) for delivery in order to complete the purchasing process. Risks perceived or real, exist due to technology failure (e.g., breaches in the system) or human error (e.g., data entry mistakes). The most frequently cited risks associated with online shopping include financial risk (e.g., is my credit card information safe?), product risk (e.g., is the product the same quality as viewed on the screen?), convenience (e.g., Will I understand how to order and return the merchandise?) , and non-delivery risk (e.g., What if the merchandise is not delivered?) The level of uncertainty surrounding the online purchasing process influences consumersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" perceptions regarding the perceived risks (Bhatnagar et al. 2000). Financial Risk: Financial risk is a possibility with shopping online due to the fact that consumers disclose sensitive information (e.g., credit card information) to a vendor. While the majority of online retailers are legitimate and have a secure website, there may be some illegal persons posing as online retailing for the purpose of credit card fraud (Bhatnagar et al. 2000). Security of the financial information and resources is the number one consumer of US online shoppers (Ranganathan and Ganapathy 2002). The perceived level of risk is often the deciding factor regarding which retail channel to patronize (i.e., brick-and-mortar vs. online retailer). Although research regarding Indianà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"s perceptions of financial risk could not be found, it can be assumed that consumers in India and indeed worldwide have similar concerns regarding the perceived financial risk associated with online shopping. Product risk: Product risk consists of the risk associated with making an unwise or inappropriate purchase decision. The decision is typically made based on insufficient information that was provided on the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"s website. Product risk may also be the risk of purchasing an expensive product because of the inability to compare prices, being unable to easily return a product, or not receiving delivery on a purchased product (Jarvenpaa, Todd and Bradd 1997; Vijayasarathy and Jones 2000). Poor product performance is another type of product risk. As customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" expectations of product performance increase, the potential for product performance problem also increases (Jarvenpaa, Todd and Bradd 1997; Vijayasarathy and Jones 2000, Bhatnagar et al. 2000). Convenience Risk: C onvenience risk addresses the risk associated with the ease (or lack thereof) with ordering products and services through an online retailer. In a brick-and mortar store, consumers can readily solve their purchasing problems by going into the store as most retailers have a designated Return Department. The process is handledÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬-face-to-face.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" The transaction is convenient in part because consumers are accustomed to the process. Online retailing poses a convenience risk. To ask questions, return a product, find a different size, or complain, consumers are unable to walk into the store. Instead, each online retailer has a different protocol. Some online retailers have a phone line, while others require the consumers to e-mail the question or comment. The consumers often perceive an increased level of convenience risk because they have a loss of connection with the retailer (Poal and Leunis 1999). After-sales service and timely responses to enquiries a re of great importance to consumers (Spence et al. 1970; Festervand et al. 1986). Non-delivery Risk: Once a consumer purchases a product online, delivery is the final step of the process. The risk of delayed and non-delivery of product. Since there is a physical separation between customers and products in web interface, it creates order assembly and transportation costs that are not incurred in traditional retailing (Rosen Howard 2000). These costs are so high that firms have no choice but to charge the shipping cost to the customers. Survey results have indicated that shipping fees are the main complaint of more than 50 percent of online shoppers and that more than 60 percent of shoppers have abandoned an order when shipping fees are added (Ernst and Young 1999). Lewis (2006) found that higher shipping fees are associated with reduced ordering rates, and policies that charge more shipping fees to larger orders lead to reduced order size. Time taken in receipt of order is also an important element in online shopping. Demographics Previous research has revealed that online buying behavior is affected by demographics, channel knowledge, perceived channel utility and shopping orientations (e.g., Li, Cheng, and Russell 1999; Weiss 2001). Results indicate that compared with brick-and-mortar shoppers, online consumers tend to be are older (Bellman et al. 1999; Donthu and Garcia 1999; Weiss 2001), better educated (Bellman et al. 1999; Li et al. 1999; Swinwyard and Smith 2003), have higher income (Bellman et al. 1999; Li et al. 1999; Donthu and Garcia 1999; Swinwyard and Smith 2003), and more technologically savvy (Li et al. 1999; Swinwyard and Smith 2003). Men are more likely to purchase products and/or services from the Internet than women (Garbarino Strahilevitz 2004; Korgaonkar and Wolin 1999; Slyke et al. 2002). Reasons for shopping online have been cited for time efficiency, avoidance of crowds, and 24 hour shopping availability (Karayanni 2003).

Major Discoveries in Electrical Communication in the 1800’s

The nineteenth century was a very prolific era of discovery in electrical knowledge and technologies that laid the foundation for modern electrical communication. During this period of time the foundations of modern electrically based technologies were discovered. The nineteenth century began with a debate between Luigi Galvani, and Alessandro Volta regarding the source of electricity in Galvani’s famous frog experiment. These debates lead to the invention of the battery by Volta, and the invention of Volta’s. Volta’s discoveries would lead the way for Ohm’s law several years later. However, before that discovery was made Hans Christian Ørstead discovered electromagnetism, which was then used by Andrà © Marie Amperà ¨ to show that magnetism†¦show more content†¦Galvani noticed that when a metal scalpel was brought close one of the nerves in the frog that the frog’s leg would move. Galvani stated that the electricity observed in the fr ogs was intrinsic the nerves of the frog. Galvani used multiple different metals combinations to demonstrate the electric phenomenon. He would further demonstrate that metals were seemingly unneeded. He did this by manipulating the nerves and muscles of the frogs in such way that caused the same twitch, as when a metal object was brought near. The publication of his research in 1791 would peak the interest of Alessandro Volta. Volta was convinced that Galvani’s animal electricity was not the result of the animal tissues, but the metals within those tissues. In an effort to prove this Volta invented the battery . Volta’s battery was built out of alternating zinc and copper disks with cloth (or a similar medium) soaked in salt water [10]. Volta stated the following regarding the nature of electricity with respect to Galvani’s animal electricity: Herein lies the whole secret, the whole magic of Galvanism. It is simply an artificial electricity, which acts under th e impulse of contacts between different conductors† [9]. At this point Volta’s theory of electricity by contact was fully accepted. Just after Volta’s greatest discovery and before that of Ohm, Hans Christian Ørstead discovered magnetism. Ørstead conducted a series of experiments thatShow MoreRelatedThe Development of Wireless Communication Leading to the Alexanderson Alternator Not much has1200 Words   |  5 PagesThe Development of Wireless Communication Leading to the Alexanderson Alternator Not much has changed in human nature in the past couple centuries. When we want something, we desire exactly what we want without deviation and we wish to have it quickly. This is as evident in modern times as it was in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. 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During the late 14th century until about the 16th century,...

During the late 14th century until about the 16th century, Italy and other European countries underwent a time of rebirth of the Ancient Greek and Roman classics. This era was known as the Renaissance. The citizens of Europe were surrounded by advancements in technology, music, and culture. However, one of the most prevalent changes that is still in affect today is the newly founded techniques in the arts. Artists began to think outside of the box, and they made some of the best paintings of their time. They used different methods than artists from previous centuries had, including classicism, secularism, humanism, and individualism. One of the greatest artists of all time, Michaelangelo, is most famous for his Italian Renaissance work.†¦show more content†¦Perspective was important during the Italian Renaissance because it made artworks look more real and three-dimensional. Perspective was a technique in which an artist would use lines to establish a foreground, middlegrou nd, and a background. In centuries past, many of the artists’ works would look flat because they didn’t use perspective. In the Pietà ¡ Mary looks farther away from the audience than Jesus’ body does. At the same time, Jesus’ head takes a spot in the middleground of the artwork. He is able to depict a Jesus’ foot to look like it is on top of or mixing with the dress that Mary is wearing. This was important because in the past, many works of arts’ backgrounds would all mix together to create a flat painting. In his sculpture, Michaelangelo uses perspective to give a more realistic feeling to the artwork. One of the most prominent developments in Michaelangelo’s sculpture is his use of realism and expression. In his sculpture, realism is shown through the creases of Mary’s dress and veil and the ways that the body’s of the two subjects were molded. They were more 3-D and didn’t look flat; they showed more dimension than sculptures in the past had. At the same time, Michaelangelo also used expression in both of the subjects. Mary looks like she isShow MoreRelatedThe Transition Of Art, Music, And Literature From The Gothic Age Through The Renaissance1261 Words   |  6 PagesSantosh Gering Hum 252 Test 2 Prof. Andrea Donovan â€Å"Discuss the art, architecture, music, or literature from the Gothic age through the Renaissance. Talk about the development of art, architecture, music, or literature during this period, the significant issues, technologies, or styles, and some of the cultural or social influences. 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Marketing and Management The Qantas Airline

Question: Descrbe about the Marketing and Management for The Qantas Airline. Answer: Introduction: The assignment assesses the trajectory of the Qantas airline that witnesses heavy financial losses due to a grave situation. In August 2011, Qantas witnessed a disputed terrain that culminated in international division. The experts believe that Qantas domestic, Qantas Link and other variants of Qantas gave an excellent performance in the recent phase. However, Qantas International faced escalating losses that amounted to $200 million. The Qantas airline faced severe industrial crises in the recent time. At the other end of the spectrum, the unions could not accept the reforms that the Qantas airline began to deliberate (Adler and Mantin 2015). The unions maintained that the Qantas airline is gradually drifting the international operation in a different location. The management made such arrangement to identify cheap labour and other resources. At the same time, the unions comprehended the graveness of the situation. They claim that the airline transgressed the deliberation of the 199 2 Qantas Sales Act, which specifies that the carriers base should remain within Australia. The Qantas refutes to provide improved work and payment balance (Ancell 2016). The organizations like Australian and International Pilots Association (AIPA) attempted to adopt industrial action against the particular airline. The conflict assumed a rigorous character, centering the issue. Issues: The primary issue that was faced by the organization was management issues. There were issues related to leadership, human resource management and even in the decision making abilities of the operation of the business. The step taken for privatization of Australian national airline also proved to be challenging for the organization. In fact, the Airline was the National Pride for Australia. It was observed that with due to financial crisis, many Airlines faced great difficulties in coping up with the situation. In case, if the situations were not tackled properly, it would have caused harm to the pride of the Nation. The federal government also refused to allow more than 49% of the foreign ownership. It was due to the Global crisis that the Airline had to suffer (Mac 2014). In the year 2011, Qantas released a watershed media release but with frequent losses, it was observed that the organization faced loss of more than $200 million and in fact, without any particular changes, these c hanges were expected to continue. Other issues include, the factors related to the competition with other Airlines of the Nation. It has to be understood that in the recent situation, apart from providing services to the customers, it is also important to keep a good relationship with the customers as well (Brigden 2012). There is no doubt that the Airline treats their internal stakeholders rightly but they are also required to pay considerable attention in understanding the needs of the customer and provide them with the best quality services. If the Airline will be able to do so, there is no doubt that the Airline as a commercial vehicle will prosper in its industry. Solution: It has to be understood that the Airlines have a good reputation in terms of customer servicing. There have been many instances when the Airline had faced drastic situation but they have managed to overcome the situation and carry out a smooth operation in their business. In order to overcome the challenges faced by the Airline, it is expected to come up with a strong management team (Mac 2014). It has to be understood that situations might arise where an organization has to face with lots of challenges but, the management team has to be efficient enough to fight against any such situations to overcome the issues. It is important to carry out a plan and then work according to the plan to overcome the challenges and issues faced by the particular organization (Vasigh, Fleming and Humphreys 2014). It has been found that the pilots of the Airlines are treated very well and the Airline also tries to keep a healthy relationship with the media as well. It is expected that the Airline shall keep a good bonding with the media and the people of the Nation (Vasigh, Fleming and Humphreys 2014). These factors are bound to create a positive impact on the reputation and the image of the organization that shall automatically improve the image of the organization. Conclusion: Hence, to deduce, the assignment analyses a case study, related to the situation of Qantas Airline Company. The assignment operates at the interstices of a few key questions that have been addressed in the light of international laws and management. The airline countenanced the problem of financial losses that creates ruckus in the particular domain (Adler 2015). The airline refused to strike a balance between working and payment balance. In fact, the most important organization, International Pilots Associations (AIPA) aimed to take industrial action against the airline. In retaliation to the disputed industrial action, CEO Alan Joyce dismissed all the workers and adjourned all the domestic and foreign flights for more than two days at the end of October 2011. However, he gave no such vestige of domestic flight cancellation in the annual gathering of the Qantas flight. While shutting down the operation of the airline, the CEO emphasized that industrial action caused economic disloca tions. The Qantas airline had to lose $68 million and it cost another lump sum $30 million for two consecutive weeks. Consequently, 68,000 passengers face the hard repercussions, in a sense they remained in a deplorable situation. Appendix: Why do you think other airlines in Australia (for example, Virgin) dont seem to experience the same degree of industrial conflict that Qantas does? In August 2011, Qantas witnessed a disputed terrain that culminated in international division. The experts believe that Qantas domestic, Qantas Link and other variants of Qantas gave an excellent performance in the recent phase (Bailey and Peetz 2015). However, Qantas International faced escalating losses that amounted to $200 million. At the same time, the losses persisted for a long time. Due to lack of revisions, changes occurred at a slow pace. Therefore, the airline wanted to transmute the financial losses around the international divide by contributing towards an Asian-based airline. Consequently, the Australian international travellers would move from here and there within the Asian circuit. It also launched an onslaught on the Australian Licensed Aircraft Engineers Association and other allied organizations. It said that these two unions attempted to abolish the changes that required. These significant unions are struggling to cease changes at Qantas. The unions maintain that they keep obsolete work culture and ineffective work practices at bay. At the same time, they want to increase the scale of prices and benefits. Such claims have a proper base and it maintained that the Qantas pilots and the employees are the most influential and best paid in the world. Venerated aviation expert Peter Harbison opined that Qantas international pilots have the stature of high-paid pilots in Australia. They are paid on an hour-work basis that is the best in the world. The studies reveal that the employees of the Qantas airlines are relatively better paid than the rival counterpart Virgin airline. The engineers of the Qantas airline receive good payment than any other airlines in Australia. Therefore, the Qantas airline faced severe industrial crises in the recent time. At the other end of the spectrum, the unions could not accept the reforms that the Qantas airline began to deliberate. The unions maintained that the Qantas airline is gradually d rifting the international operation in a different location. The management made such arrangement to identify cheap labour and other resources. At the same time, the unions comprehended the graveness of the situation. They claim that the airline transgressed the deliberation of the 1992 Qantas Sales Act, which specifies that the carriers base should remain within Australia. The Qantas refutes to provide improved work and payment balance. The organizations like Australian and International Pilots Association (AIPA) attempted to adopt industrial action against the particular airline. The conflict assumed a rigorous character, centring the issue (Sampson 2012). Could you see any evidence of escalation of commitment in the decision and the reaction to the grounding of the airline in 2011? Is Alan Joyce an individual or group decision-maker? The Qantas countenanced a curious problem in the recent time. The airline refused to strike a balance between working and payment balance. In fact, the most important organization, International Pilots Associations (AIPA) aimed to take industrial action against the airline. In retaliation to the disputed industrial action, CEO Alan Joyce dismissed all the workers and adjourned all the domestic and foreign flights for more than two days at the end of October 2011. However, he gave no such vestige of domestic flight cancellation in the annual gathering of the Qantas flight. While shutting down the operation of the airline, the CEO emphasized that industrial action caused economic dislocations. The Qantas airline had to lose $68 million and it cost another lump sum $30 million for two consecutive weeks. Consequently, 68,000 passengers face the hard repercussions, in a sense they remained in a deplorable situation (Park 2013). The CEO of the airline Alan Joyce is not the individual decision-maker in the time. At the same time, the federal government made an appeal to Fair Work Australia (FWA) that interfered in the conflict between Qantas management and its employees. The CEO urged the body to intervene in the matter and seek an easy resolution (Vasigh et al. 2014). On 31 October 2011, FWA emphasised that the tussle between Qantas and the unions should come to a virtual close. The organization gave the two parties three weeks to tide over the crises and solve the matter. They wanted the parties to come to an easy agreement. The experts claim that if the matter were not solved in course of time, then the arbitration would guide the matter. The two parties worked to accomplish the case and after the completion of two hectic days, Qantas made an apology to the customers and other allied members. At the same time, the Qantas offered free flight services to the discontented passengers and continued in the marke t (Cumming and Fleming 2012). Is there any evidence of SWOT analysis in this case? The case reveals a SWOT analysis for the particular airline company. The SWOT analysis explains the assessment of inherent strength and weakness of the company. At the same time, it also evaluates the potential threat faced by the company. The case study reveals that the Qantas airline faced severe industrial crises in the recent time (Floyd and Spry 2013). At the other end of the spectrum, the unions could not accept the reforms that the Qantas airline began to deliberate. The unions maintained that the Qantas airline is gradually drifting the international operation in a different location. The management made such arrangement to identify cheap labour and other resources. At the same time, the unions comprehended the graveness of the situation. They claim that the airline transgressed the deliberation of the 1992 Qantas Sales Act, which specifies that the carriers base should remain within Australia (Brigden 2012). What type of change is evident in the case developmental, incremental or transformational? Transformational change is inevitable for the premier international airline, the Qantas airline. The union parties accused the flight of many things (Jayasuriya and Cannon 2015). It is indispensable for the Qantas airline to steer a course between effective work culture and reasonable payment. The flight began to charge soaring fares for the foreign and domestic trips around the globe. Therefore, the flight needed a transformational revision that would help the maintenance of the stature of the premier flight (Budd and Ison 2015). Is Alan Joyce a transactional or transformational leader? The CEO of the premier airline company deliberated on the transactional leadership. By definition, transactional leadership highlights the paradigm of managerial leadership. The managerial leadership emphasizes on supervision, organization and the quality group performance. Transactional leadership is a style of leadership in which leaders propagate compliance by followers through the transfer of rewards and punishments. The CEO, Alan Joyce maintains the status of the transactional leadership. After the decision of the party unions, Alan Joyce (CEO) suspended the operation of the employees and made them apologize to the customers (Driver 2013). Was Alan Joyces decision to suddenly ground the airline ethical? In retaliation to the grave situation, Alan Joyce adopted certain that deemed unethical in the light of international law. The CEO of the company attempted to cease the operation of the flight for that particular period. Consequently, the customers had to face the worst of the situation. They remained stuck in the airport and demanded for the refund. However, such situation exacerbated tensions on both sides. Therefore, CEO failed to take ethical decision for the management of the organization. The decision actually led to the disadvantage of the customers, as they had to wait for a long time. Therefore, he had not taken decision on ethical grounds (Mac 2014). References: Adler, N. and Mantin, B., 2015. Economics of Transportation. Adler, N. and Mantin, B., 2015. Government and company contracts: The effect on service and prices in international airline markets.Economics of Transportation,4(3), pp.166-177. Ancell, D., 2016.Clipped Wings: Corporate social and environmental responsibility in the airline industry. Routledge. Bailey, J. and Peetz, D., 2015. Australian unions and collective bargaining in 2014.Journal of Industrial Relations,57(3), pp.401-421. Brigden, C., 2012. Unions and collective bargaining in 2011.Journal of Industrial Relations,54(3), pp.361-376. Budd, L. and Ison, S., 2015. 10 Air cargo mobilities.Cargomobilities: Moving Materials in a Global Age, p.163. Cumming, D.J. and Fleming, G., 2012. Barbarians, Demons and Hagetaka: A Financial History of Leveraged Buyouts in Asia 1980-2010.Available at SSRN 2008513. Driver, J., 2013. Moral Bookkeeping, Consequentialism, and Carbon Offsets.Consequentialism and Environmental Ethics,25, p.164. Floyd, L. and Spry, M., 2013. Four burgeoning IR issues for 2013 and beyond: Adverse action; social media workplace policy; trade union regulation (after the HSU affair); and the QANTAS aftermath.Australian Bar Review,37, pp.153-174. Jayasuriya, K. and Cannon, D., 2015. State transformation and resource politics: Australia and the regional political economy.The Pacific Review,28(3), pp.391-410. Mac, P., 2014. AWH inquiry: History of Labor and Liberal corruption. Guardian (Sydney), (1633), p.5. O'Sullivan, M., 2015.Mayday: The Inside Story of the Fall of Qantas. Penguin UK. Park, H., 2013, January. Exploring effective post-crisis response strategies. InAmerican Academy of Advertising. Conference. Proceedings (Online)(p. 9). American Academy of Advertising. Sampson, A., 2012.Empire of the Sky. AC Black. Vasigh, B., Fleming, K. and Humphreys, B., 2014.Foundations of airline finance: Methodology and practice. Routledge.

Property Notes Essay Example

Property Notes Essay TORRENS TITLE * System of title by registration rather than registration by title (Breskvar v Wall (1971) 126 CLR 376. * Indefeasibility- The registered proprietor holds the title free of all unregistered interests. S42 Real Property Act 1900 (NSW). * Registration of a void instrument confers immediate indefeasibility in the absence of fraud (Frazer v Walker [1967]] 1 AC 569. * Sir Garfield Barwick sitting on the Privy Council in Frazer v Walker described it as: â€Å"a convenient description of the immunity from attack by adverse claim to the land or interest in respect of which he is registered, which a registered proprietor enjoys† EXCEPTIONS TO INDEFEASABILITY * FRAUD- in the case of fraud a proprietor can be removed from the register. Fraud is not notice, it is dishonesty or moral turpitude (Assets v Mere Roihi [1905] AC 176 â€Å"Fraud must be brought home to the person whose registered interest in sought to be impeached, or to his or her agents acting within their authority. † Fraud must take place before registration. Anything that takes place after is subject to an in personam claim. EXPRESS EXCEPTIONS- Leases- s42(1)(d) RPA- less than 3 years * Easements- s 42(1)(a1) * IN PERSONAM- The registered proprietor is subject to unregistered interests that they have created, such as contracts, trusts and estoppel. (Barry v Heider (1914) 19 CLR 197 Bahr v Nicolay (1988) 164 CLR 603 * In 1979 the Bahrs obtained a licence of Crown Land in Western Australia. On the building of commercial premises the Bahr’s could transform the licence into a Crown Grant and so become the proprietors of the property. Th e Bahr’s sold to Nicolay. Nicolay was resell the property to them at the end of the 3 years. * During the 3 year term Nicolay sold the property to the Thompson’s. * The contract between Nicolay and the Thompsons contained an acknowledgment of the agreement between Nicolay and the Bahr’s (Clause 4 of the contract. * After the Thompsons’s became registered as proprietors they commenced negotiations for the resale of the property in accordance with their agreement with Nicolay but later refused to transfer the property. The Thompson’s argued that they had mere notice of the Bahr’s interest and so were not obliged to resell and were not guilty of statutory fraud. * Mason and Dawson JJ. Fraud, a â€Å"dishonest repudiation of a prior interest which the registered proprietor has acknowledged or agreed to recognize as the basis for obtaining title. * Wilson and Toohey JJ. No statutory fraud – in any case it occurred after registration. Cond uct does give rise to a constructive trust. * Brennan J collateral contract and constructive trust. We will write a custom essay sample on Property Notes specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Property Notes specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Property Notes specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Torrens Assurance Fund * Section 129 of the RPA gives a remedy to a person for loss or damage against the Torrens Assurance Fund in respect of an interest in land, suffered as a result of the operation of the RPA, where the loss or damage arise from: * the registration of some other person as proprietor of the land or an interest in the land (s 129(1) (b));    * the person having been deprived of the land or an interest in the land through fraud (s129(1)(e)). VOLUNTEERS King v Smail [1958] VR 273- doctrine of indefeasibility only protects bona fide purchasers. Volunteers not covered. Bogdanovic v Koteff (1988) 12 NSWLR 472 – NSW volunteers covered Mrs B looked after Mr K on the basis of a promise that she would be given an interest in the house which would allow her to stay for life. Son inherited house. Breskvar v Wall applied no distinction is made between volunteers and purchasers hence indefeasibility is given to the son SHORT TERM LEASES Under 42(1)(d) of the Real Property Act, a registered interest is subject to a short-term lease if: * The term of the lease is less than 3 years including any options, * The tenant is in possession or entitled to immediate possession, * The registered proprietor before he or she became registered as proprietor had notice against which he or she was not protected: OVERRIDING STATUTES Pratten v Warringah Shire Council (1969) 90 WN (NSW) (Pt 1) 134, Barry v Heider (1914) 19 CLR 197 Barry was the registered proprietor of Torrens land. He had signed a document of transfer under which he agreed to transfer his interest in the land to Schmidt for consideration of ? 1,200. * The transfer stated that this had been paid, but Barry’s evidence was that he had received nothing. He claimed that he thought he was signing a contract, not a transfer and that the agreed sale price was ? 4,000. * Evidence was brought that the witness to Barry’s signature, a solicitor named Peterson, was n ot present when Barry signed. The Certificate of Title not given to Schmidt because the land had been subdivided and a new CT was to be issued nor had the documents been registered because they were waiting on the final subdivision. Barry signed a letter authorising the RG to deliver the new CT to Schmidt when it issued. * Using the letter and signed Transfer as evidence of his title to the land Schmidt created mortgages over the property to Heider and Gale. PRIORITY DISPUTES Registered v Registered Under s 36(9) priority between registered interests is determined by the order of registration, not by the date of execution. Order of registration is determined by the order of lodgment in â€Å"registrable form:† 36 (5) * â€Å"nemo dat quo non habet† Registered v Unregistered * Although equitable interests are recognized under Torrens title they are somewhat fragile in a priority dispute. They may be extinguished by registered interests unless they have been protected by the lodgment of a caveat, or they exist as an exception to indefeasibility. Unregistered v Unregistered * Since unregistered interests are generally thought to be in the nature of equitable interests priority is generally determined by the application of the principles used in deciding priority disputes between competing equitable interests over old system land. It involves the search for the best equity (Rice v Rice). THREE STEP PROCESS * Look at the conduct of the holder of the first interest and decide whether they have done anything that should result in their interest being postponed. The major thing to look for is conduct that may mislead the later comer into thinking that there is no earlier interest in existence; * If the holder of the first interest has committed some act or omission that has had this effect then look at the conduct of the second holder. First look to see if they have notice of the earlier interests. If they do they cannot take priority. If they don’t then you need to see who has the better equity by weighing up the conduct of both. * If the equities are equal first in time will prevail. POSTPONING CONDUCT * not taking care of documents creating the right * taking too long to bring an action to protect a right * not speaking up to give notice of your claim of an interest * Making misleading statements * Otherwise misleading the second comer into thinking that you no longer have an interest MERE EQUITY * Latec Investments Ltd v Hotel Terrigal Pty Ltd (in liquidation) 113 CLR 265 THE RULE IN WALSH V LONSDALE * â€Å"Equity regards as done that which ought to be done† RULE IN LYSAGHT V EDWARDS The general principle of this rule is that in the absence of express agreement between the vendor and purchaser the vendor becomes a trustee of the property for the purchaser once there is a valid and binding contract between the parties. * This is known as the ‘doctrine of conversion’. The rule in Hunt v Luck [1902] 1 Ch â€Å".. possession of the tenant is notice that he has some interest in the land, and that a purchaser having notice of that fact is bound, according to the ordinary rule, either to enquire what the interest is, or to give effect to it, whatever it may be. † CONSTRUCTIVE NOTICE * S 164 Conveyancing Act 1919 NSW The kind of enquiries that a purchaser ought reasonably to make depend on current good practices. This means that a purchaser should at least undertake 2 types of enquiries: * The purchaser has a duty to physically inspect the land (Barnhart v Greenshields, Hunt v Luck), and, * The purchaser should search the documents of title and the register. CAVEATS S74F RPA- Lodgment of caveats against dealings, possessory applications, plans and applications for cancellation of easements or extinguishment of restrictive covenants. A caveat may be lodged: * Where a person claims to be entitled to a legal or equitable estate or interest in the land; * Where the registered proprietor has lost the certificate of title and fears an improper dealing with the land; * To prevent the granting of a possessory application;. * To prevent the improper exercise by a mortgagee of a power of sale; * By the Registrar-General to protect interest of a person under a legal disability or on behalf of the Queen Rule in Person-to-Person Finances Pty Ltd v Sharari [1984] 1 NSWLR 745 [I]t s the settled practice of competent solicitors acting for second or subsequent mortgagees, to ensure either the prompt registration of the mortgage or lodgement of a caveat ACTION| LEGAL EFFECT – TORRENS TITLE| Negotiation| None unless doctrines such as estoppel apply| Exchange of Contracts| Purchaser receives equitable interest providing contract is enforceable Lysaght v Edwards (1876)| Settlement (completion) and payment of Consideration| P urchaser receives approved form of transfer. Until registration interest is still equitable but may be deemed legal if s43A applies| Registration| Purchaser receives indefeasible title under s 42, RPA and is protected against notice of prior interests under s43. Voidness is â€Å"cured† by registration| S43A REQUIREMENTS * The person receiving the dealing should have possession of the certificate of title or be in a position to compel its production. (Court of Appeal in J H Just Holdings v Bank of NSW) * It must be immediately registrable in the sense that no intermediate dealings need to be registered before it. The person claiming the protection of the section should have dealt with the registered proprietor. Jonray (Sydney) Pty Ltd v Partridge Bros Pty Ltd (1969) 89 WN (Pt 1) 568 establishes that a transfer by direction fulfils this requirement. * IAC(Finance)PtyLtd v Courtenay-S43A results in a deemed legal estate’ SAMPLE CHECKLIST – TORRENS TITLE 1. What form of title is the land held under? Look for words such as â€Å"registered proprietor† or â€Å"held under the Real Property Act 1900 NSW† to establish that the land is Torrens title. 2. Ascertain the status of the interests. Which are registered and which remain unregistered (these, at best, will be equitable BUT an unregistered interest is not always equitable). Remember that a registered interest will generally defeat an unregistered interest. 3. Determine whether the registered interests are susceptible to any of the exceptions to indefeasibility? Make a list of all that might be relevant and have definitions of them available: * fraud (dishonesty, trickery, scheming) * in personam (dishonesty, unconscionability, binding contracts, constructive trust etc) ****REMEMBER, ONLY THE CONDUCT OF THE REGISTERED PROPRIETOR IS RELEVANT FOR THESE EXCEPTIONS*****   * short term leases (s 42(1)(d), * overriding statutes etc. 4. Are there any equitable / unregistered interests? There are a variety of ways in which these can be created: * by writing in accordance with sec 23C and 54A Conveyancing Act; * where a previously registered interest has been wrongfully removed from the register, eg through fraud or the im proper exercise of a mortgagee power of sale; * through the application of the law of part performance; * by the application of the doctrine of estoppel; by the application of the doctrine of constructive trusts. 5. Can the holders of the equitable interests use s 43A Real Property Act. This will deem their interest to be legal. 6. Apply the priority rules. In descending order of importance the interests are: * registered * unregistered but falling within sec 43A * unregistered (equitable) with the better equity, or, where the equities are equal, the interest created first in time. * unregistered (equitable). * mere equities CO-OWNERSHIP Two main types of co-ownership -Joint tenancy -Tenancy in common JOINT TENANCY Each joint tenant is â€Å"wholly entitled to the whole† as a ‘collective unity’ or a ‘composite person’. 4 Unities * Unity of Possession * Unity of Interest * Unity of Title * Unity of Time UNITY OF POSSESSION * The land is not physically divided. * Each tenant holds a physically undivided share of the land. * Each co-owner is entitled to possession of the whole of the land. This is called ‘unity of possession’ and it applies irrespective of the shares in which the property is held (eg one tenant holding ? and the other holding ? ). UNITY OF INTEREST * This follows from the proposition that each joint tenant is ‘wholly entitled to the whole’. The interest held by each joint tenant is necessarily the same in extent nature and duration. UNITY OF TITLE * This means that each joint tenant must derive his or her title from the same document (transfer or deed) or act (adverse possession). * A joint tenant can dispose of their share (notionally) of the land but only during their lifetime UNITY OF TIME * This requires that the interests of all joint tenants vest at the same time. A transfer of land to A B when they reach 18 years of age, will create a tenancy in common since there is no unity of time The Right of Survivorship * The other distinction feature of joint tenancies is the right of survivorship or the jus accrescendi * The essence of this principle is that when one joint tenant dies the whole of his or her interest automatically passes to the surviving joint tenants until only one is left. * This is unaffected by any contrary provision in a will. Wright v Gibbons (1949) 78 CLR 313 The Principle Of Forfeiture Rasmanis v Jurewitsch (1969) 70 SR NSW- Man kills wife†¦ will not receive her share of the tenancy. CONVEYANCING ACT 1919 SECT 35 – If both die at same time it will be presumed that the younger survives the older. * Hickman v Peacey [1945] AC 304. joint tenancy can be severed in 6 ways: 1. By a unilateral act by a joint tenant acting on his or her own share; 2. By a mutual agreement between the joint tenants; 3. By a course of dealing between the joint tenants; 4. By court order, most commonly under the Family Law Act; 5. In cases of unlawful killing; . On the bankruptcy of one joint tenant an involuntary severance will occur. S97 RPA- sever by transfer TENANCY IN COMMON There are 2 major differences between a tenancy in common and a joint tenancy: * There is no right of survivorship between tenants in common, and * Only unity of possession is required * There are 2 ways in which a tenancy in common will come to an end. These are: * When all the tenants in common transfe r their interest to one of the tenants; * Where the land is sold or partitioned under s 66G Conveyancing Act. Equity always preferred the tenancy in common because it represented certainty and fairness. * The parties would be treated in equity as if they were tenants in common in 3 situations: * Where co-owners contributed different amounts to the purchase price * Where co-owners advance money on mortgage; * In the case of partnership assets. IF EQUAL CONTRIBUTION THE LAW PRESUMES A JOINT TENANCY PARTITION AND SALE OF LAND In special circumstances court can order Under Div 6 Part 4 Conveyancing Act (sections 66F – 66I)

Skyscraper essays

Skyscraper essays When we look outside, we see the world as a very visual place, with many aspects that change what we see. In our cities, the skylines are transformed by towering building touching the sky. The places we live are transformed into works of art, trying to appeal to anybody who sets their eyes upon it, while maintaining a purpose. The world we live in was transformed around the turn of the 20th century. Architect Louis Sullivan, through intuition and innovation, and his prominence in his field, has become the keystone in shaping modern architecture. To achieve what Sullivan did, he had to have the successful early career he had. His background in architecture runs rather shallow, only completing one year of architecture studies at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and then another year at the prestigious art school Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris, France. What accelerated Sullivan was his incorporation with natural plant life and modern theory towards buildings. He partnered with Dankmar Adler to create Sullivan Chicago was the epicenter to a change that is felt today. The Auditorium was one of Sullivans greatest and earliest works, but it was just a beginning. The facade was heavily decorated, as was the interior, yet, Sullivan still established an outstanding purposeful building, achieving design with function. The influence spread, as later architect William Van Alen used decorative intuition with efficient use with the design of the Chrysler Building in New York City. As Sullivans work spread to other cities, the effect was just as great. The Wainwright Building in St. Louis set the norm for taller buildings of present day. The bottom two stories were left relatively undecorated, and set apart from the rest o the building. It was the space for retail outlets of all kinds. The upper seven stories were office floors, while the exterior was heavily decorated with intricate designs and patterns. It...

Reposition sense of the knee joint in individuals with and without low Essay

Reposition sense of the knee joint in individuals with and without low back pain - Essay Example A summary of participants' demographic data is illustrated in the table below (Table 3.1). Concerning the differences of the data, it could be noticed how the given results reflect an almost the same liberty that presents how the demographic data affects the possibility of an individual incurring the definite reasons behind low back pain. LBP participants were asked to complete a series of questionnaires; Fear Avoidance Belief questionnaire (Appendix 5), and Modified Von Korff questionnaire (Appendix 6). They were asked to give information of their LBP in the past four weeks, in addition to the level of pain and disability caused by LBP. The mean average of the questionnaires are displayed in the table below (Table 3.2) As described previously in details, each participant performed 9 repetitions for each angle (60 degree angle and 30 degree angle). The mean error for each participants in the LBP and NLBP groups is represented the figures below (Figure 3.1 and Figure 3.2). As illustrated in figure 3.2 low back pain group participants tend to undershoot the target position in 60 angle, on the other hand, the NLBP group tends undershoot in the 30 angle compared with the LBP group (figure 3.1). The above figure 3.1 shows that in 30 angle the RE was slightly higher in NLBP, on the other hand, in 60 angle there were almost a five degrees error difference between LBP an NLBP group, since the later was more accurate than the former (SD 0.91). It could be noticed that the LBP and NLBP results into a rather completely same level of concentration. The changing of the angle experimentation was supposed to change the reaction of the participants towards the process, however, as seen from the gained result, the angle changes did not give favourably different outcomes showing that the angular changes probably entailed to have a rather important result to the research's aim of proving that these exercises could somehow reduce the possibility of low back pain among individuals from different bracket ages. 3.4 Distribution of data The average mean

General Information on Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

General Information on Marketing - Essay Example Importance in Marketing The world, today, is a global marketplace. The emergence and strong penetration of internet all over the world, has facilitated the evolution of the virtual marketplace through the popularization of sites like Amazon.com, eBay. The big and small enterprises, which are catering to the needs of the customers on an individual or a business level, are trying to beat each other in the global market place, by competing with each other in various markets all around the globe, while using technology as the primary tool for marketing. So, as a matter of fact, today’s consumer has the power of information, using which they can access or source the product or service of their preference from anywhere around the globe. As a matter of fact, the companies have to understand the customer’s or client’s requirements in a more effective manner in order to cater to their needs and to estimate the forecasted demand from their products or services in a more ef fective manner. Analyzing consumer behaviour helps the organizations to identify and idealize, how consumers are supposed to behave in the market with relation to a particular product or service (Haynes, et. al, 2007, p.4). ... The most common form of promotional strategy employed by companies to popularize their product is advertising. Companies use various kinds of advertising techniques using various media like the radio, television, and internet as well as the print media like newspapers, magazine etc (Pride & Ferell, 2011, p.514). Advertising in today’s date has taken up various advanced forms and mediums. Today’s consumers are increasingly becoming internet savvy and as a result are most of the time logged on to the internet based networking sites. The networking sites, acts as a strong platform for social communications for the internet users, and companies want to make the most of this online boom by popularizing the product using this platform. Marketing a product targeted mostly towards the teenage and young consumers can be very effective in the market while the cost per contact is comparatively low. The electronic media like the radio or the television can also be considered a chea p mode of promotion as the cost per contact is relatively low with regards to the exposure provided to the products or services. The maintenance of an individual sales force for the purpose of promotion and selling of services and products to organizational clients in the case of business to business marketing is the most expensive mode of promotion. Promotion of services and products to the organizational clients needs the expertise of technology, knowledge of the feature of the products in details as well as relationship building which makes the process all the more expensive. Question 3 Distribution is the process of efficient delivery of value to the customer by making the product or service available to the customer or the client. It is essentially an important part of

Logic bombs Essay Example for Free

Logic bombs Essay With the advent of information communication technology which has greatly helped in solving uncountable problems in all domains of human life all over the world, it has also come with its problems. Globally, the term cyber crime has gained unimaginable popularity because of its harm to all segments of human life. Cyber crime has not been defined in statutes/acts of parliament in many countries apart from a few developed countries which have some sections in their constitutions addressing this kind of emerging crime. The idea of cyber crime is not absolutely different from the other types of normal crimes. A crime is defined in the laws of land as the conduct which results to violation of the law and it is counterbalanced by the sanction of the state. The conduct may be an act or omission. Crime has been in existence through out human history and it is an economic and social phenomenon. It is a concept in the legal field which has the sanction of the law . Crime can also be referred to as an offence. It is an act which is legally wrong and can be pursued by criminal proceedings which can result to penalty (http://www. cybercrimelaw. net/content/cybercrime. html). Cyber crime basically refers to any criminal activity that involves the use of computer as a tool or a target. There are many kinds of unlawful activities that can be done via computer and they include: email spoofing, cyber deformation, sale of illegal articles, forgery, cyber stalking, online gambling, and intellectual property theft. The criminal cases where the computer is used as a target include: access to computer, computer system, or computer networks without permission , stealing of information in electronic form, logic bombs, Trojan attacks, internet time theft, email bombing, salami attacks, stealing computer system, web jacking, physical destruction of the computer and data diddling (http://cybercrime. planetindia. net/intro. htm). Cyber crime is as result of various reasons and they are as follows: Firstly, it is due to ability of the computer to store data in a very small space. Computers are designed in a very unique way such that they can store a lot of information in a very small space within it. This makes it possible to retrieve the information with a lot of ease. This is done using either virtual or physical medium. Secondly, it is very easy to access the information. This is usually due to the fact that the technology employed in protecting a computer from unauthorized access is very complex and is prone to human errors. This poses the main challenge in the protection of a computer. The security systems can be penetrated through using different technologies like the use of key loggers implanted logic bombs, retina imagers and sophisticated voice recorders which usually dupe and trick the biometric system and cross the firewalls thus entering into the security system being used in the computer. The third reason is that the working of a computer is very complex and involves the use of an operating system that uses millions and millions of codes to store information and execute commands. Since all these is designed by humans whose mind is liable to memory lapses, the cyber criminals uses this one as an opportunity to distort the codes and gain access to the computer operating system. The fourth reason is because of negligence. It is evident that human behavior is often characterized by negligence. As a result of this, it is likely that while installing guarding programs, this negligence might occur thus giving the cyber criminals an opportunity for accessing the computer operation system (http://www. cybercrimelaw. net/content/cybercrime. html). From the previous experiences, it is notable that cyber crimes are done by various groups of people in the community. Some of this groups are justified depending on the intention of what they are doing in the cyber. These groups include children and adolescents at the age of 6-18 years. This group is normally active and inquisitive and therefore tend to be very curious to explore and know beyond what they are not aware of in life. This makes them to engage in these types of crimes. In addition, this group likes being popular and achieving unique things something which predisposes them to this kind of delinquency. The second category consists of organized hackers who form groups with a defined goal which may be settling political scores or to gaining competitive edge in the business world. The third and the last group consist of professional hackers/crackers. This are cyber criminals who are out to make money by using their expertise to damage other people’s information systems. They are often hired to crack the sites of competitors or rivals and access vital information related to their organizational, production, marketing and operational strategies. The fourth group in some instances is composed of dissatisfied employees. In this case, the employees may have been sacked or demoted or denied a higher position or may be underpaid and they use cyber rimes as away of revenging (http://www. crime-research. org/analytics/702/). There are various forms of unlawful activities that are done via the computers and they include: unauthorized access to computer systems or net works which is popularly known as hacking. This involves the use of sophisticated technology to penetrate to the computer systems. Theft of information from electronic devices or in electronics is another form of cyber crime. These electronic gadgets include hard disks and removable computer devices. This form of crime is done by interfering with the data in the devices through virtual medium. Email bombing is also another common crime. It involves sending of emails to an individual or organization in bulk such that they derail the functioning or crashing of the computer system. Data diddling is also a form of cyber crime and is conducted before the raw data is processed by the computer. Here, the data is altered prior to being processed and then this is followed by changing it back after the processing. Closely related to this are the salami attacks. These are cyber crimes that are common in financial organizations and they are done with an aim of committing financial crime. It involves the alteration of the computer systems slightly such that the damages go unnoticed. Denial of service which is overstretching of victims computer system with a lot of work than it can handle is also a cyber crime that has been identified. This overstretching of computer leads to its crash. The frequent disturbing viruses and worms are forms of cyber crimes. The difference between the two is that while viruses need a file to attach to, alter and delete. The worms do not need this and they just use all the available space in the memory of the computer. The other forms include: the unauthorized soft wares known as Trojans, logic bombs, and internet time theft which involves stealing of another persons time for browsing which is done by getting the password and login ID. Lastly, is the web hijacking which is involves use of technology to access and gain control of another person’s website and mutilating or changing the information in it. This cyber crime is usually done to people who are looking for money or want to politically destroy their rivals (http://www. usdoj. gov/criminal/cybercrime/). As it is widely known, prevention is better than cure and the same case applies in cyber crimes . The fundamental preventive measure uses the 5P strategy to control and prevent this crime. The 5P stands for prevention, preservation, precaution, protection and perseverance. In addition, one should put the following in mind so as to prevent cyber crime. Firstly, avoid revealing personal information at the cyber, do not sent photographs online and stop chatting to unfamiliar people over the net. Elsewhere, web servers for the public must be separated from the internal corporate network. Always update your antivirus and keep back ups of your information in the computer in other devices, use of firewalls. Additionally, do not ever send your credit card number to any site that is insecure and the use intrusion detection gadget may also help significantly. In conclusion therefore, since humans are rationally thinking, there is no way in which cyber crimes can be completely eliminated from the cyber space. What is most important in this case is to develop very stringent laws to protect the people from the effects of cyber crime and also sensitizing the people to observe morals while embracing the world of information communication technology

The Naked Truth of the Poultry Show World :: Personal Narrative

The Naked Truth of the Poultry Show World Professor’s comment: This student’s wonderfully vivid, often funny, first-person report brings readers into a little-known world of poultry exhibitors. Who could have imagined what it’s like to bathe fifteen chickens and groom them for judging? From this essay I learned a great deal about chickens, and the student’s talents as a writer made the experience thoroughly engrossing. Most people seem to think it’s pretty weird that I show chickens. They’re right, I suppose. It’s an odd hobby. I started showing when I was eight years old, and thirteen years later I’m still at it. I went to a county fair way back then, and decided that one day I would own some of those cute little bantam chickens. On July 29, 1987, that dream came true, and from then on I’ve been a dedicated member of the poultry show world. Why do I show chickens? Well, you could say I’m just weird. But I love everything about it: my birds, my poultry friends, the competition, and the camaraderie. The number of chickens that I have varies from season to season. The breeding season usually starts out with about seventy-five birds, and I hatch anywhere from 200 to 400 chicks between March and July. Throughout the summer and fall, I gradually sell almost all of those chicks until I am down to just the cream of the crop again. I raise Rosecomb Bantams, one of many breeds of miniature chickens. The adults are only a little over twenty ounces. I work with color genetics to develop new and improved color patterns on these birds (that’s what happens when you’re an art major who raises chickens), and to bring back old colors that have long since disappeared in the Rosecomb breed. I used to name every one of my chickens, back in the old days when I only had a few. But as the population grew, I started running out of names, and out of time to spoil each chicken enough so that it was worthy of a name. Now I only name my favorites — those that win a show or those that simply win my heart. Poultry shows are a huge part of my life. My show season runs from September through February. I go to about six shows a year, and show about fifteen birds each time.

Smed, Continuous Improvement Activity for Crank Changeove

GM INDIA POWERTRAIN PROJECT TRAINEE TOPIC SUMMARY Name of Trainee: SYAMLAL. A. R Qualification: Mechanical Engineering Institute: National Institute of Technology, Calicut Project Guide: Vinayak Angane Title of the project: SMED (Single Minute Exchange of Die), continuous improvement activity for crank changeover process. Brief Description of the project: Use SMED techniques to reduce changeover time through system for crank machining to throughput simulation approved levels. Activities to be performed by trainee: * Update crank changeover board to reflect the current. Create and manage tracking sheet of changeover issues and countermeasures. * Measure changeover times by operation. * Get changeover within ‘OEM’ specified timing by end of project. Learning/Expectation of the trainee at the end of term: * Understand process of manufacturing crankshaft. * Understand how to implement continuous improvement process on shop floor. * SMED research and implementation. ACKNOWLED GEMENT I would like to express my gratitude to all the people in the General Motors Power Train department for helping me with my project.I would like to thank the Human resources managers who gave me an opportunity to undertake such a project in a world renowned company as General Motors. I would also like to thank all the operators who passed on all the knowledge that they could in two months to help me understand all the processes. They also helped me in various situations where it seemed that my project would come to a standstill, giving me exactly what I needed to go on. Next I would like to thank the each and every single person in the crank line who helped me and guided me in every step.They provided me with the resources and made suggestions that helped me improve and build a base for my ideas. I would also like to thank my fellow project trainee who had much more experience than me. He helped me to take off on my own path to completing the project with his valuable suggesti on and ideas. Above all I would like to thank him for being a very good friend at the hour of need. I cannot fail to mention the undying support of Mr Kisan Kapse, Mr Prashant Kurde and Mr Bharat Sawant who helped me in every stage of the project. They were of great help in difficult times.I am deeply in debt to them whose stimulating suggestions and encouragement helped me in times. Last but not the least I would like to thank my project guide Mr Vinayak Angane who looked closely throughout the project, correcting and offering suggestions for improvement. He took time off his busy schedule to explore me with alternate approaches to my problem and with ideas that could never have occurred to me on my own. INTRODUCTION The General Motors powertrain in Pune machines cam carrier, cylinder Head, cylinder block and crankshaft. GMI powertrain in Pune is a level IV flex plant.This power train plant is the one and only Level IV Flex plant in India. A level IV flex plant means that the plant can machine different types of the same component in the same machine. This is done by changing the die holding the component and also changing the program mentioning where to machine. My project revolves around the SMED of crankshaft. Some different parts constitute of the Cylinder block, Cylinder head & the Crankshaft. The crankshaft is the part of an engine which translates reciprocatinglinearpiston motion into rotation.Basically the crankshaft powers the engine. Crankshafts can be monolithic (made in a single piece) or assembled from several pieces. Monolithic crankshafts are most common, but some smaller and larger engines use assembled crankshafts. The different types of crank made in GM Powertrain Talegeon plant are 1. 0 xSDE, 1. 2 BDOHC, 1. 3 xSDE and 1. 4 BDOHC. SMED (Single Minute Exchange of Die) is a method for rapidly and efficiently converting a process from running the current product to running the next product. SMED is also often referred to a Quick Changeover.The SMED method can, and often is, used in starting up a process and rapidly getting it to running condition with minimum waste of time. SETUP CHANGE / CHANGEOVER Setup change/ Changeover is preparation, execution of activities in work station which includes hardware changes, sometimes software changes e. g. : locator centres, chuck jaws, steady program calling etc. to produce good to good parts. Change over time is defined as the time difference of the last product produced and the next new product produced with the right quality and at the right speed. The production capacity of a plant is determined by the changeover time.Unless the changeover time is reduced to the bottleneck the production can’t meet the target Production sites with long setup times are characterised by * Low flexibility of the component * Large batch sizes * High levels of stock If we decrease the setup change time then we could use the extra capacity either to increase productivity or to decrease the batch sizes. There are many benefits likereduction in lead time and therefore increased, improved and faster delivery, higher productivity and therefore satisfying customer needs faster, Reduction in working capital, less disturbances etc.SINGLE MINUITE EXCHANGE OF DIE (SMED) The process of changing die is called Single Minute Die Exchange (SMED). Single-Minute Exchange of Die  (SMED) is one of the many  lean production  methods for reducing waste in a manufacturing process. It provides a rapid and efficient way of converting a manufacturing process from running the current product to running the next product. This rapid changeover is the key to reducing production lot sizes and thereby improving flow. The phrase â€Å"single minute† does not mean that all changeovers and start-ups should take only one minute, but that they should take less than 10 minutes.In short it should be a single digit number. The different features of SMED are: * It is a systematic approach that decr eases disturbances and problems * The main factor that can lead to its success are team work & creativity * SMED methods are used for exchange of dies, but it can also be used for cleaning and for maintenance purposes. IMPORTANCE OF REDUCING CHANGEOVER TIME Reducing changeover time is like adding capacity, increasing profitability and can help most manufacturers gain a competitive edge.Image a pit crew changing the tires on a race car. Team members pride themselves on reducing changeover by even tenths of a second because it means that their driver is on the road faster and in a better position to win. The same philosophy applies to manufacturing – the quicker you are producing the next scheduled product, the more competitive you are. Reducing changeover times is a fundamental requirement of any company to take lead over the other in production and maintaining top position.By understanding the principles and practices of the SMED system organisations will be able to cut chang eovers by over 50% with very little expenditure, and to single minutes with the modification of tooling and fastening systems. Single Minute Exchange of Dies can be applied to any changeover operation and aims to reduce the overall downtime for a complete changeover to less than nine minutes. An understanding of the operational benefits to be gained from the fast exchange of tooling. The interaction of a multi-disciplined workforce constructively looking to eliminate waste from the changeover process.How unstable setups can adversely affect subsequent operations and how standard operating procedure can eliminate these concerns. A team approach in understanding the methodology used in applying SMED through theoretical explanation and practical involvement in actual changeovers. SMED IMPLEMENTATION To successfully implement SMED in a system is a difficult task. Therefore to successfully guarantee the implementation of the process, the following steps should be followed closely. STEP 1 – FOCUS * Start by choosing the right equipment to start with. . This is normally a bottle-neck with long set-up times STEP 2 – BUILD THE RIGHT TEAM Work cross-functional. Operators, Technicians, Engineers and Managers should worktogether STEP 3 – MEASURE AND SET GOALS * Visualize the present situation and agree on a common goal STEP 4 – 5S * To succeed you will need a clean and well organized work-place. A 5S implementation is recommended. This process will be explained in detail as we move ahead. STEP 5 – ANALYSIS * Keenly observe the operations and processes. Analyze the present situation video-technique. The different moments are classified as being external or internal and waste or not waste. All known disturbances are listed as well.STEP 6 – SEPARATION BETWEEN INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL MOMENTS * The purpose is to secure that all external set-ups are performed when the machine is running. Use checklists, function controls and improved tran sports. For example collect necessary tools and consumables before the next operation starts up or sharp the tools before activity starts. STEP 7 – ELIMINATION OF WASTE * Measures are carried out to reduce all types of waste. This includes: * Elimination of all need for adjustments. * Exchange of bolts for quick-fasteners. * Standardized parts, tools, dimensions Need for quality control STEP 8 – FOLLOW UP AND IMPROVE * Each changeover should be so planned that it is better and faster than the previous one. Each changeover should be analysed and properly documented which includes suggestion that could make it faster THE 5S SYSTEM â€Å"5S† is a method to create a safer, cleaner, and better-organized workplace. The five S in the process stand for: * SET IN ORDER The principle here is to keep things in their proper places. One guide to proper placement is to keep frequently-used items handy, and store other things where they can be found.In reference to a workplace , it means: At present the tools required for the changeover process are stored in red tool carts and the carts are kept in a specific location for easy access. The tool carts are rolled to the machine where changeover is taking place at the required time. SORT Every tool which is used for a changeover process must be tagged and identified properly. All the operators involved in the changeover must be aware of the location and purpose of the tool. SHINY CLEAN This is the exception – the only one-time activity in the 5S method. This stage has two goals: Determine and gain agreement on the desired level of cleanliness * Learn how to make new routines so this will become standardized STANDARDIZED CLEANUP In this phase consider the sources of dirt: air-borne dust; sawdust or other dry powder from cutting operations; splatter from wet processes; or simple trash because there is no proper container. A practical target is to have all workers take five minutes every day to tidy up af ter themselves – including the time to complete and sign the checklists. Supervisors should monitor compliance with the clean-up. The checklists make this both important and achievable.SUSTAIN This phase is perhaps the most important concept that includes instilled discipline, self-discipline, common cultural values, and self-motivated practice to improve. This step requires continued management support and communication. It brings out the leadership qualities of the employees and also improves their human values too. All these activities should be followed up on a regular basis with full commitment and hard work from all operators as well as managers for SMED to be a success. ACTIVITIES PERFORMED * Understood process of manufacturing crankshaftUnderstood the process of manufacturing crankshaft with the process flow of current status and different machines involved. * Understood activities performed by different machines OP 10:Machine: HELLER * Mill the lengths * Centring * O rbital and hollow milling OP 20:Machine: HELLER * Rough milling of mains/pins incl. * Counter weights and incl. * Rough diameter of mains and pins OP 25:Machine: HELLER * Broaching of mains and journals OP 30:Machine: HELLER * Outer Diameter milling of pins OP 40 (A & B):Machine: NTC * Drill and camphor oil holes OP 50:Machine: ELOTHERM * Washing Hardening (only for xSDE) * Tempering (only for xSDE) OP 60:Machine: HEGENSCHIEDL * Deep rolling * Strengthening OP 70:Machine: NTC * Recenter both ends OP 80:Machine: NILES-SIMMONS * Finish turning * Thrust face and hub outer diameter and post end shoulder * Post process measuring OP 100 (A & B):Machine: LANDIS * Grinding mains and pins OP 110 (A & B):Machine: NTC * Ream index holes * Milling keyway * Machine reluctor ring holes and flange holes OP 120:Machine: ROBOTIC * Brush * Check oil holes OP 140:Machine: LANDIS * Grinding Flange and post ends OP 160:Machine: SCHENK BALANCE Balancing OP 170:Machine: SUP FINA * Polish mains and pins * Thrust face and flange outer diameter (2 stations) OP 180:Machine: FINE TEC * Wash and dry OP 190:Machine: HOMMEL * Final inspection (2 stations) OP 200:Machine: MANUAL * Manual assembly of dowel pin SMED FOR CRANKSHAFT CHANGEOVER My project revolves around the changeover process in the crankshaft line. My project activities can be divided into the following: * Documentation of the changeover process for the entire crankshaft line. * Identified and separated internal and external activities for the changeover process. To define separate activities for different operators. My activity here consists of reducing changeover time. TO REDUCE CHANGEOVER TIME USING SMED TECHNIQUES The steps involved in reducing the changeover tie using this method are: 1. Observe the current methodology 2. Document it appropriately 3. Separate the INTERNAL and EXTERNAL activities. Internal activities are those that can only be performed when the process is stopped, while External activities can be done whil e the last batch is being produced, or once the next batch has started.Make sure it is properly documented. 4. Do most of the activities to be done during the changeover to be done when the previous batch is being done or while the buffer is running. 5. Try to simplify each and every process. 6. The procedure as well as the measures taken to simplify the timings should be well documented and easily accessible. 7. Keep a standard improvement percentage for each new changeover. Teamwork, meaning several operators sharing changeover operations in order to minimize the stop time is also scarce.As changeovers take time, cause productivity loss and carry costs, the temptation is to dilute them in changing less often by launching bigger batches. This policy ends up with higher inventories and lower agility for the production. Documented the current changeover process The machine is usually stopped and all changeover operations happen in sequence, while the machine is stopped. The machine w ill start again only after completion of adjustments and trials. Most often all these operations are done without any standard method nor procedures or checklists.This means the changeover sequence, and hence its duration is related to individual know-how, skills and habits. During this stage: * Agreed on the start and end of the changeover * Observed the changeover * Recorded ALL observations * Organized it and created changeover table * Record times for each element The time required for each individual steps were measured and added to the table for OP 20, OP 25, OP 30 and OP 40. Recorded and organized all observations for OP 20, OP 25, OP 30, OP 40, OP 60, OP 70, OP 80, OP 100 and OP 160 and created a table as follows:Separated INTERNAL and EXTERNAL activities Another important process is separating the internal and external activities performed during changeover. This is a serious procedure which must be done with a lot of care, which will help in the reduction of changeover tim e. During this stage: * Identified whether each step in the changeover is ‘internal’ or ‘external’ * INTERNAL activities are those which can be performed only when the machine is stopped (e. g. : removing or clamping jaws) * EXTERNAL activities are those which can occur while the machine is running (e. g. returning tools to storage after use and bringing new tools to the machine) * Separated each step involved in changeover to internal and external Separated activities for OP 20, OP 25, OP 30, OP 40, OP 60, OP 70, OP 80, OP 100 and OP 160 and added in the same table. Different external activities consist of: * Having everything prepared before stopping the machine (checklists) * Any preheating, pre-cleaning, presetting that could be completed * Standardizing changeover parts with attachments/improvements to help speed up centering and securing * Cleaning and keeping new changeover parts to be changedDefined activities for both team members During the next p hase of the project, I defined activities for both the team members involved in the changeover, i. e. the steps that must be performed by first operator and second operator were classified. The thought of parallel operations leads mainly to the following features: * Two or more people doing different jobs at the same time (e. g. : while first operator removing tool, second one bringing tool trolley in position in case of OP 20) Two people working together on one operation (e. g. : Both the operators changing over OP 40 A and OP 40 B simultaneously Others * Recorded the different tools and the auxillary equipments required to complete the changeeover * The different tools used in every step of changeover were noted down. * Bolt size of different allen screws were recorded * Auxillary equipments needed such as torque wrench, ratchet etc. were added in the same tabe * Organized changeover parts in the part trolleyAs part of the implementation of 5S system, inorder to reduce the part se arching time, each and every part involved in the changeover process were photographed. These photos were stick inside the machine tool trolley and hence the part searching time was reduced. * Improving location labeling to make items easier to find * Organized changeover parts in part trolley with photos having part number and part name on them * Hence reducing the time required for accessing the correct part * Deskilling and avoiding confusion SAMPLE PICTURE * The photographs were stick inside the tool trolley For different models, differents racks were provided so as to avoid confusion * In one rack, the space wasseparated inorder to fit to all the parts to be changed over All the above processes helped in reducing the part searching time and also worked as an alternate checklist. Also created a chelist of different parts to be changed for different operations. * Measured changeover time by station * Plotted graph with comparison of actual time taken by station for changeover to simulation * Plotted graph for total time taken for changeover for OP 20 to OP 180 Plotted graph for time taken to changeover from model 1. 0 to 1. 2 for OP 20 to OP 180 * Plotted graph for time taken to changeover from model 1. 0 to 1. 2 for OP 20 to OP 180 Suggestions * Providing power tool for all loosening and tightening processes instead of Allen key * Power tool will reduce about: 15 min for OP 20 3 min for OP 25 9 min for OP 30 * OP 40 * Changeover both OP 40 A and OP 40 B simultaneously * Reduce machine lockout time by making bed flush valve in action which was not noticed earlier * Hence solved problem of chips getting stuck in burr OP 60 * Get power tool * Change the tool tray (boxes) in which rollers are placed * Arrange rollers in boxes in same order that they are to be used * Stick colour codes on box also * Make arrangement loosen minimum number of bolts and adjust measuring probe * Provide power tool for OP 80 will reduce approximately 4 min * OP 160 * Provide a plast ic kit (box) with separations which can be taken and placed inside the machine through the side door which makes the operator not to lean in and out of machine each and every time * Bearing seal on the extreme is not used for 1. xSDE which is not required to be mounted * OP 10, OP 50, OP 70, OP 100, OP 110, OP 120 and OP 180 are already changed over in time or about time CONCLUSION At the end of the project, I was able to understand process of manufacturing crankshaft, different machines used in crank line and their uses, what is changeover and its use in the plant, advantages and disadvantages of changeover and importance of reducing changeover time. As a preliminary step to the project, I studied the basic idea of SMED (Single Minute Exchange of Die) and 5S techniques.Found out how SMED techniques can be used to reduce changeover time. During the project, I documented the whole process step by step for changeover for OP 20, OP 25, OP 30, OP 40, OP 60, OP 70, OP 80, OP 100 and OP 1 60. Organized these steps and created a changeover procedure table. Defined activities for both the team members involved in the changeover in the same table. Separated internal and external activities occurring during changeover and marked it in the changeover procedure table. Time taken for each step in the same table was also recorded (for OP 20, OP 25, OP 30 and OP 40).Reduced machine lockout time for OP 40 by making bed flush valve in action which was not noticed earlier and hence solved the problem of chips getting stuck in the burr and making the cleaning process long and difficult. The changeover parts in the part trolley were organized with the help of photos having part number and part name. Measured changeover time by station and plotted graphs: * Comparison of actual time taken by station for changeover with simulation time (For OP 20 to OP 180 for last 7 changeovers) * Total time taken for changeover by stations For OP 20 to OP 180 for last 7 changeovers) * Time taken f or changing over from 1. 0 xSDE to 1. 2 BDOHC (For OP 20 to OP 180 for last 4 changeovers) * Time taken for changing over from 1. 2 BDOHC to 1. 0 xSDE (For OP 20 to OP 180 for last 5 changeovers) Updated crank changeover board to reflect current by updating different graphs required and action plan. The process to implement continuous improvement on shop floor was understood and perfected. Different steps to decrease the time taken for changeover process and to bring it under OEM specified timing was suggested.